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- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2025Balancing Innovation and Access: The Role of Intellectual Property in Healthcare
Wongmahesak, Kittisak
The pace of development in medical technology and pharmaceuticals is continuing to increase, making the impact that intellectual property (IP) has on healthcare even more important. The part of the chapter starts with types of IP patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets in healthcare research and development (R&D). On the one hand, it points out that strong IP protections spur innovation by enabling firms to capture a return on R&D spending, hence creating new issues about high drug prices and limited access among disadvantaged populations. The review also includes international trade agreements like the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement and Doha Declaration, which work for a strike of balance between IP rights and public health needs. The chapter advocates for the use of flexibilities within these frameworks such as compulsory licensing to improve access to life-saving treatments in public health emergencies. It concludes with a comparison of the ways in which IP is addressed in healthcare across nations illustrating that countries like India have found solutions where they prioritize public health and yet do not compromise on innovation. The chapter concludes with some ethical reflections on who should bear the cost in terms of lost profit when essential treatments are not accessible to those (M) CBs: patients, insurers, or pharm industries.
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2023Antecedents to perceived usefulness of M-Commerce: An application of technology acceptance model
Jermsittiparsert, Kittisak; Wongsuwan, Navaporn; Akkaya, Bülent
The aim of this research work is to examine the originator which is affecting in Thailand the adoption of m-commerce (based on the behavioural intention). The usage of m-commerce has faced reluctance by the subscribers of mobile phone, which is in general the most anticipated challenge among both the developing and developed countries. Similarly, there are restricted empirical research work regarding to the m-commerce in Thailand. As a result, in the situation of developing countries (for instance, Thailand specially), very less numbers of research exist for the recognition of important variables for the m-commerce installation or estimating the m-commerce adoption variables. For explaining the behavioural targets of subscribers and for estimation generally the model that has been used is referred to as technology acceptance model (TAM). First, the factor subjective norms by the region of technology acceptance had contradictory outcomes and inconsistency to the behavioural target. In this study, we employed the Smart Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling version 3.2.6 as a data analysis technique. The response rate of the current study is 81%. The results have certainty that has established the presence of these associations between the users which implicated the significance of subjective norms in Thailand which were recognized. The personal opinion of usefulness, perceptions of attitude and easy usage to m-commerce are the important features towards the subjective norms which are the social impacts.
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2023Subjective norms and behavioural intention of E-banking adoption: Mediating role of perceived usefulness
Jermsittiparsert, Kittisak; Wongsuwan, Navaporn; Akkaya, Bülent
The study was planned to examine the impact of subjective norms on the behavioural intentions of Thai e-banking users. Additionally, the study has also examined the mediating role of perceived usefulness of e-banking in the relationship between the subjective norms and e-banking adoption. The subjective norms construct in this study was decomposed into societal descriptive and injunctive norms, and personal descriptive and injunctive norms. It is clear from the literature review that highly inconsistent findings were reported between perceived usefulness and subjective norms because of the contradiction in the findings obtained by the researchers. This occurred may be because trivial attention was given to the relationship between subjective norm and perceived usefulness. In current research, it is argued that there are many advantages of e-banking adoption which includes mobility, convenience and 24-hour accessibility anywhere anytime with no physical limitation of location as required in old-styled e-commerce. For that reason, it is hypothesized that people who believe that these advantages would result in the improvement in their performance are expected to create a positive environment for technology adoption. In the latest quantitative research development, the partial least squares (PLS) path modelling is considered to be unsuitable in determining the validity of the model. For this purpose, a two-step process is implemented in current research. The results of the present study, argued that e-banking is adopted voluntarily and the existence of high social norms in collectivist culture greatly influences the potential adopters' attitude and behaviour by the opinions of their significant others particularly in Thai context.